Korean TOPIK I - Essential Grammar & Vocab Flashcards

Question 1

Basic Sentence Structure (SOV)

Accepted Answer

Unlike English (SVO), Korean follows a **Subject - Object - Verb (SOV)** word order.

*Example:* 저는 사과를 먹어요 (*I apple eat* = I eat an apple).

Question 2

Topic Marker: -은 / -는

Accepted Answer

Indicates the main topic or introduces known/contrasted information in a sentence.

* **-은**: Used after consonant endings (e.g., 책은)
* **-는**: Used after vowel endings (e.g., 저는)

Question 3

Subject Marker: -이 / -가

Accepted Answer

Marks the grammatical subject of the sentence, emphasizing *who* or *what* performs the action or has the attribute.

* **-이**: Used after consonant endings (e.g., 가방이)
* **-가**: Used after vowel endings (e.g., 친구가)

Question 4

Object Marker: -을 / -를

Accepted Answer

Attaches to the direct object receiving the action of a transitive verb.

* **-을**: Used after consonant endings (e.g., 밥을)
* **-를**: Used after vowel endings (e.g., 영화를)

Question 5

Formal Polite Ending: -ㅂ니다 / -습니다

Accepted Answer

Used in official, business, or formal broadcast settings.

* Attach **-ㅂ니다** to stems ending in a vowel (가다 → 갑니다)
* Attach **-습니다** to stems ending in a consonant (먹다 → 먹습니다)

Question 6

Informal Polite Ending: -아요 / -어요

Accepted Answer

The most common ending used in daily polite conversation.

* **-아요**: If the stem's final vowel is **ㅏ** or **ㅗ** (가다 → 가요, 보다 → 봐요)
* **-어요**: For all other vowels (먹다 → 먹어요, 읽다 → 읽어요)
* **해요**: For 하다 verbs (공부하다 → 공부해요)

Question 7

Sino-Korean Numbers (1-10) & Usage

Accepted Answer

**일 (1), 이 (2), 삼 (3), 사 (4), 오 (5), 육 (6), 칠 (7), 팔 (8), 구 (9), 십 (10)**

*Usage:* Used for dates, years, months, minutes, money (원), phone numbers, and address numbers.

Question 8

Native Korean Numbers (1-10) & Usage

Accepted Answer

**하나 (1), 둘 (2), 셋 (3), 넷 (4), 다섯 (5), 여섯 (6), 일곱 (7), 여덟 (8), 아홉 (9), 열 (10)**

*Usage:* Used for counting items, counting people, age (살), and hours (시).

Question 9

Location Particles: -에 vs. -에서

Accepted Answer

* **-에**: Static location of existence (있다/없다) or direction/destination (가다/오다). *Example:* 학교에 가요 (I go to school).
* **-에서**: Dynamic location where an action takes place. *Example:* 도서관에서 공부해요 (I study at the library).

Question 10

Connecting Nouns: -하고 / -과 / -와

Accepted Answer

Translates to "and" or "with".

* **-하고**: Common in spoken Korean.
* **-과**: Attaches after consonants (책과).
* **-와**: Attaches after vowels (사과와).

Question 11

Negation: 안 vs. -지 않다

Accepted Answer

Expresses "not" doing something or "is not" an adjective.

* **안 + Verb/Adjective**: Short negation placed before the verb (e.g., 안 먹어요 = don't eat).
* **Stem + -지 않다**: Long negation attached to stem (e.g., 먹지 않아요 = don't eat).

Question 12

High-Yield Verbs: Movement & Actions

Accepted Answer

* Go: **가다**
* Come: **오다**
* Eat: **먹다**
* Drink: **마시다**
* Sleep: **자다**

Question 13

High-Yield Verbs: Daily Activities

Accepted Answer

* Do: **하다**
* See/Watch: **보다**
* Buy: **사다**
* Read: **읽다**
* Study: **공부하다**

Question 14

High-Yield Adjectives: Common States

Accepted Answer

* Good / Fine: **좋다**
* Bad: **나쁘다**
* Many / Much: **많다**
* Small / Few: **적다** (amount) / **작다** (size)
* Big: **크다**

Question 15

Existence Verbs: 있다 vs. 없다

Accepted Answer

* **있다 (있어요)**: To have / To exist / To be located.
  *Example:* 돈이 있어요 (I have money).
* **없다 (없어요)**: To not have / To not exist.
  *Example:* 시간이 없어요 (I don't have time).

Question 16

Essential Question Words (Interrogatives)

Accepted Answer

* What: **무엇 / 뭐**
* Who: **누구**
* Where: **어디**
* When: **언제**
* Why: **왜**
* How: **어떻게**

Question 17

Basic Self-Introduction Phrases

Accepted Answer

* Hello: **안녕하세요.**
* I am [Name]: **저는 [Name]입니다.** / **저는 [Name]이에요/예요.**
* Nice to meet you: **반갑습니다.**

Question 18

Expressing Want/Desire: -고 싶다

Accepted Answer

Attaches to a verb stem to mean "want to [verb]".

* **Structure:** Verb Stem + -고 싶어요
* *Example:* 한국에 가고 싶어요 (I want to go to Korea).

Question 19

Past Tense: -았/었/했-

Accepted Answer

* **-았습니다**: Stems with final vowel **ㅏ** or **ㅗ** (가다 → 갔어요)
* **-었습니다**: Stems with all other vowels (먹다 → 먹었어요)
* **-했습니다**: Verbs ending in 하다 (공부하다 → 공부했어요)

Question 20

Contrast Conjunctive: -지만

Accepted Answer

Attaches directly to a verb or adjective stem to mean "but" or "although".

* **Structure:** Stem + -지만
* *Example:* 날씨가 춥지만 좋아요 (The weather is cold, but it's good).

Question 21

Hangul Pronunciation: Liaison Rule (연음)

Accepted Answer

When a syllable ends in a final consonant (받침 / Patchim) and is followed by a syllable starting with an empty consonant (**ㅇ**), the sound carries over.

* *Example:* **한국어** [한-국-어] is pronounced as **[한구거]**.

Korean TOPIK I - Essential Grammar & Vocab

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