OSI Model

Network Layer - Manages logical addressing (IP addresses) and routes packets across different networks.

Data Link Layer - Handles physical addressing (MAC addresses) and transfers frames between nodes on the same local network segment.

Application Layer - Provides network services directly to end-user applications and software.

Presentation Layer - Handles data formatting, translation, data compression, and encryption/decryption (e.g., SSL/TLS).

Session Layer - Establishes, manages, maintains, and terminates communication sessions between local and remote applications.

Transport Layer - Handles end-to-end delivery, segmentation, flow control, and error checking using port numbers.

Physical Layer - Transmits raw unstructured binary data (bits) across physical mediums like cables, light, or radio waves.

All People Seem To Need Data Processing (Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data Link, Physical).