Biochemistry - Metabolic Pathways, Glycolysis & The Krebs Cycle

Non-competitive inhibitors do not change $K_m$ (as they bind to a site other than the active site) but decrease $V_{max}$ (cannot be overcome by increasing substrate concentration, as they reduce the number of functional enzyme molecules).

The sum of all chemical processes that occur in an organism, divided into anabolism (synthesis of complex molecules) and catabolism (breakdown of complex molecules).

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which stores and releases energy through the hydrolysis of its high-energy phosphate bonds.

To break down one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, generating a small amount of ATP and NADH in the cytoplasm, without the need for oxygen.

2 Pyruvate, 2 net ATP (4 produced, 2 consumed), and 2 NADH.

Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1), which converts fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. It is allosterically regulated by ATP, AMP, citrate, and fructose-2,6-bisphosphate.

1. Glucose $ightarrow$ Glucose-6-phosphate (Hexokinase/Glucokinase).
2. Fructose-6-phosphate $ightarrow$ Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (PFK-1).
3. Phosphoenolpyruvate $ightarrow$ Pyruvate (Pyruvate Kinase).

To synthesize glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors (e.g., lactate, amino acids, glycerol) primarily in the liver and kidneys, especially during fasting or starvation.