JLPT N2 - Advanced Japanese Grammar, Vocabulary & Kanji

Meaning: For that reason; it means that; naturally / no wonder.
Usage: Used to state a logical conclusion based on a situation or prior fact.
Structure: Verb/i-Adj (plain) + わけだ | na-Adj + な + わけだ | Noun + な/である + わけだ
Example: 暑いわけだ。気温が35度もある。(No wonder it's hot. The temperature is 35 degrees.)

Meaning: As...; in proportion to...; as X changes, Y changes.
Usage: Expresses a continuous change that occurs simultaneously alongside another change.
Structure: Verb (dictionary form) / Noun + につれて
Example: 年を取るにつれて、体が硬くなる。(As you get older, your body becomes stiffer.)

Meaning: As long as...; unless...; to the extent of...
Usage: Sets a continuous condition under which a state or action holds true.
Structure: Verb (plain) / Noun + である / na-Adj + である + 限り
Example: 日本にいる限り、日本語を使う機会が多い。(As long as I am in Japan, there are many opportunities to use Japanese.)

Meaning: More and more; continue to (in one direction).
Usage: Indicates an ongoing trend or state that keeps changing continuously (often used for negative trends).
Structure: Verb (dictionary form) + 一方だ
Example: 最近、物価は上がる一方だ。(Lately, prices keep continuing to go up.)

Meaning: Although...; even though...; but.
Usage: Expresses a contrast or counter-expectation, acknowledging a true fact in the first clause.
Structure: Verb/Adj (plain form) + ものの | na-Adj + な/である + ものの
Example: 日本語の文法を覚えたものの、うまく話せない。(Although I learned Japanese grammar, I can't speak well.)

Meaning: Must be...; bound to be...; I'm sure that...
Usage: Expresses strong certainty or speaker conviction based on objective evidence or intuition.
Structure: Verb/Adj (plain form) / Noun / na-Adj (stem) + に違いない
Example: 彼は犯人に違いない。(He must be the criminal.)

Meaning: Cannot help but...; have no choice but to...
Usage: Expresses being compelled to do something despite personal preference.
Structure: Verb (nai-form stem) + ざるを得ない (Note: する becomes せざるを得ない)
Example: 理由があって、計画を変更せざるを得ない。(Due to circumstances, we have no choice but to change the plan.)

Meaning: Concerning...; regarding...; over (a dispute/discussion).
Usage: Used when multiple parties debate, dispute, or hold conflicting opinions about an issue.
Structure: Noun + をめぐって / をめぐる + Noun
Example: 新しい法律をめぐって、議論が続いている。(Discussions continue over the new law.)