JLPT N5 - Essential Grammar & Kanji Flashcards

Question 1

Particle は (wa)

Accepted Answer

The topic marker. It indicates what the sentence is about. Often translates to "as for..." or simply marks the subject when it's the topic.
*   Example: わたし**は**がくせい です。(Watashi **wa** gakusei desu.) - **As for me, I am a student.**

Question 2

Particle が (ga)

Accepted Answer

The subject marker. It marks the grammatical subject, especially when introducing new information, emphasizing the subject, or with verbs of existence/potential.
*   Example: だれ**が**きましたか。(Dare **ga** kimashita ka.) - **Who came?** (Emphasis on 'who')
*   Example: わたしはにほんご**が**わかります。(Watashi wa Nihongo **ga** wakarimasu.) - **I understand Japanese.**

Question 3

Particle を (o)

Accepted Answer

The direct object marker. It indicates the direct object of a transitive verb.
*   Example: パン**を**たべます。(Pan **o** tabemasu.) - **I eat bread.**

Question 4

Particle に (ni)

Accepted Answer

Indicates location (existence), time, direction, or indirect object.
*   Location (existence): わたしはへや**に**います。(Watashi wa heya **ni** imasu.) - **I am in the room.**
*   Time: ろくじ**に**おきます。(Rokuji **ni** okimasu.) - **I wake up at 6 o'clock.**
*   Direction: にほん**に**いきます。(Nihon **ni** ikimasu.) - **I go to Japan.**

Question 5

Particle で (de)

Accepted Answer

Indicates location (action), means/method, or cause.
*   Location (action): レストラン**で**たべます。(Resutoran **de** tabemasu.) - **I eat at the restaurant.**
*   Means/Method: バス**で**がっこうへいきます。(Basu **de** gakkou e ikimasu.) - **I go to school by bus.**

Question 6

Particle と (to)

Accepted Answer

Connects nouns (and), indicates "with" (person), or marks a quotation.
*   Listing nouns: パン**と**ぎゅうにゅう。(Pan **to** gyuunyuu.) - **Bread and milk.**
*   With (person): ともだち**と**はなします。(Tomodachi **to** hanashimasu.) - **I talk with a friend.**
*   Quotation: 「おはよう」**と**いいました。(「Ohayou」**to** iimashita.) - **I said "Good morning."**

Question 7

Verb ます-form (Polite Present/Future Affirmative)

Accepted Answer

The polite present/future affirmative form of verbs. Used for general statements, habits, and future plans.
*   Formation: Verb stem + ます
*   Example: たべます (tabemasu) - **eat/will eat**
*   Example: よみます (yomimasu) - **read/will read**

Question 8

Verb ません-form (Polite Present/Future Negative)

Accepted Answer

The polite present/future negative form of verbs.
*   Formation: Verb stem + ません
*   Example: たべません (tabemasen) - **don't eat/won't eat**
*   Example: よみません (yomimasen) - **don't read/won't read**

Question 9

Verb ました-form (Polite Past Affirmative)

Accepted Answer

The polite past affirmative form of verbs.
*   Formation: Verb stem + ました
*   Example: たべました (tabemashita) - **ate**
*   Example: よみました (yomimashita) - **read**

Question 10

Verb ませんでした-form (Polite Past Negative)

Accepted Answer

The polite past negative form of verbs.
*   Formation: Verb stem + ませんでした
*   Example: たべませんでした (tabemasen deshita) - **didn't eat**
*   Example: よみませんでした (yomimasen deshita) - **didn't read**

Question 11

Verb て-form (Uses)

Accepted Answer

A versatile verb form used for:
*   Connecting actions: ごはんをたべて、がっこうへいきます。(Gohan o tabete, gakkou e ikimasu.) - **I eat and then go to school.**
*   Requests: まって**ください**。(Matte **kudasai**.) - **Please wait.**
*   Ongoing actions: いま、たべて**います**。(Ima, tabete **imasu**.) - **I am eating now.**
*   Permission: たべて**もいいです**。(Tabete **mo ii desu**.) - **You may eat.**

Question 12

い-adjectives (Basic & Negation)

Accepted Answer

Adjectives ending in い (i). They directly modify nouns or predicate sentences.
*   Basic: たかい (takai) - **expensive/tall**
*   Negation: Drop い, add くないです (kunai desu).
    *   Example: たかくないです (takakunai desu) - **not expensive/tall**
*   Past: Drop い, add かったです (katta desu).
    *   Example: たかかったです (takakatta desu) - **was expensive/tall**

Question 13

な-adjectives (Basic & Negation)

Accepted Answer

Adjectives that require な (na) when modifying a noun. They predicate sentences with です (desu).
*   Basic: しずか (shizuka) - **quiet**
*   Modifying noun: しずか**な**まち (shizuka **na** machi) - **a quiet town**
*   Predicating: このまちはしずか**です**。(Kono machi wa shizuka **desu**.) - **This town is quiet.**
*   Negation: Drop です, add ではありません (de wa arimasen).
    *   Example: しずか**ではありません**。(shizuka **de wa arimasen**.) - **not quiet**

Question 14

これ/それ/あれ (Demonstratives - Things)

Accepted Answer

Demonstrative pronouns for things.
*   **これ (kore)**: This (thing near speaker)
*   **それ (sore)**: That (thing near listener)
*   **あれ (are)**: That (thing far from both)
*   Example: **これ**はペンです。(Kore wa pen desu.) - **This is a pen.**

Question 15

この/その/あの (Demonstratives - Modifiers)

Accepted Answer

Demonstrative adjectives that modify nouns.
*   **この (kono)**: This (noun near speaker)
*   **その (sono)**: That (noun near listener)
*   **あの (ano)**: That (noun far from both)
*   Example: **この**ペンはわたしのです。(Kono pen wa watashi no desu.) - **This pen is mine.**

Question 16

Basic Sentence Structure: N1 は N2 です

Accepted Answer

"N1 is N2." The most basic declarative sentence structure, stating that N1 is equivalent to N2.
*   Example: わたし**は**がくせい**です**。(Watashi wa gakusei desu.) - **I am a student.**
*   Example: これはペン**です**。(Kore wa pen desu.) - **This is a pen.**

Question 17

Basic Sentence Structure: N1 は N2 が あります/います

Accepted Answer

"N1 has N2" or "N2 exists at N1." Used to express possession or existence.
*   **あります (arimasu)**: For inanimate objects.
*   **います (imasu)**: For animate beings (people, animals).
*   Example: わたし**は**くるま**が**あります。(Watashi wa kuruma ga arimasu.) - **I have a car.**
*   Example: へや**に**ねこ**が**います。(Heya ni neko ga imasu.) - **There is a cat in the room.**

Question 18

Basic Sentence Structure: N1 は N2 を V ます

Accepted Answer

"N1 does V to N2." A basic transitive verb sentence structure.
*   Example: わたし**は**りんご**を**たべます。(Watashi wa ringo o tabemasu.) - **I eat an apple.**
*   Example: かれ**は**ほん**を**よみます。(Kare wa hon o yomimasu.) - **He reads a book.**

Question 19

Kanji: 日 (nichiyoubi, hi, nichi, ka)

Accepted Answer

Meaning: Sun, Day
On'yomi: ニチ (nichi), ジツ (jitsu)
Kun'yomi: ひ (hi), -び (-bi), -か (-ka)
Stroke Order: 4 strokes. Start with the vertical stroke on the left, then the horizontal stroke closing the top and right, then the inner horizontal stroke, finally the bottom horizontal stroke.

Question 20

Kanji: 本 (hon, moto)

Accepted Answer

Meaning: Book, Origin, Main
On'yomi: ホン (hon)
Kun'yomi: もと (moto)
Stroke Order: 5 strokes. Start with the horizontal stroke at the top, then the long vertical stroke down the middle, then the two diagonal strokes on the left and right, and finally the horizontal stroke at the bottom.

Question 21

Kanji: 人 (hito, jin, nin)

Accepted Answer

Meaning: Person, People
On'yomi: ジン (jin), ニン (nin)
Kun'yomi: ひと (hito)
Stroke Order: 2 strokes. Start with the left-falling stroke, then the right-falling stroke that crosses it.

Question 22

Kanji: 一 (ichi, hitotsu)

Accepted Answer

Meaning: One
On'yomi: イチ (ichi)
Kun'yomi: ひと (hito), ひとつ (hitotsu)
Stroke Order: 1 stroke. A single horizontal stroke from left to right.

Question 23

Kanji: 二 (ni, futatsu)

Accepted Answer

Meaning: Two
On'yomi: ニ (ni)
Kun'yomi: ふた (futa), ふたつ (futatsu)
Stroke Order: 2 strokes. First, a shorter horizontal stroke at the top, then a longer horizontal stroke below it.

Question 24

Kanji: 三 (san, mittsu)

Accepted Answer

Meaning: Three
On'yomi: サン (san)
Kun'yomi: み (mi), みっつ (mittsu)
Stroke Order: 3 strokes. First, a short horizontal stroke at the top, then a slightly shorter horizontal stroke in the middle, and finally the longest horizontal stroke at the bottom.

Question 25

Kanji: 大 (dai, oo-, tai)

Accepted Answer

Meaning: Big, Large, Great
On'yomi: ダイ (dai), タイ (tai)
Kun'yomi: おお- (oo-)
Stroke Order: 3 strokes. First, the horizontal stroke at the top, then the left-falling stroke, and finally the right-falling stroke.

JLPT N5 - Essential Grammar & Kanji

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